Broadly applicable hydrophilic additive enhances electrochemical transistor function

L Lin Gao Y Yongjoon Cho (Department of Chemical Engineering) R Rui Wang Y Yao Yao D Dayong Zhang (Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University) Y Yifan Wang Y Yongfa Cheng (Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University) Y Yuyang Wang (State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University) Q Qing Ma (DND-CAT, Synchrotron Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States) I Isaiah Duplessis (Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University) S Sein Chung (Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology) E Evan Wilson (School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology) K Kilwon Cho (Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology) B Binghao Wang (School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University) L Lu Li J Jonathan Rivnay (Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering) H Hong Wang J Junsheng Yu (School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences) T Tobin J. Marks (Department of Chemistry, the Materials Research Center, Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy) A Antonio Facchetti (Department of Chemistry, the Materials Research Center, Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy)

Abstract

Organic semiconductors offering efficient mixed ionic-electronic charge transport are key components of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) needed for future bioelectronics and other technologies. However, hydrophobic semiconductors typically have limited ion mobility and are unstable in aqueous environments, restricting OECT applications. To address these issues, we report a broadly applicable strategy for high-performance OECTs by blending polymeric semiconductors with a photocrosslinkable hydrophilic ion-conducting supplement, poly(ethyleneglycol)-dimethylacrylate (PEGDMA). The result is ordered, interconnected semiconductor domains within an amorphous ion-conducting matrix, enabling rapid and reversible doping/dedoping without compromising charge transport. This approach enhances OECT performance across diverse electrolytes, semiconductors, and device architectures. Furthermore, PEGDMA enables high-resolution photopatterning of both semiconductors (<0.4 μm) and electrolytes (<2 μm), affording high-stability OECTs sustaining >10,000 cycles. This approach also enables wafer-scale array fabrication of 2,548 OECTs on 2” wafer, and miniaturized inverter, NAND, and NOR circuits. Also demonstrated are integration of these OECTs with a photosensor, creating a vision sensing array (10 × 10 pixels) that mimics visual image processing similar to the brain’s perception system.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 123, Issue 10
Published March 10, 2026
ISSN 0027-8424
Publisher National Academy of Sciences

Authors (20)

L

Lin Gao

Y

Yongjoon Cho

Department of Chemical Engineering

R

Rui Wang

Y

Yao Yao

D

Dayong Zhang

Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University

Y

Yifan Wang

Y

Yongfa Cheng

Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University

Y

Yuyang Wang

State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University

Q

Qing Ma

DND-CAT, Synchrotron Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States

I

Isaiah Duplessis

Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University

S

Sein Chung

Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology

E

Evan Wilson

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology

K

Kilwon Cho

Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology

B

Binghao Wang

School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University

L

Lu Li

J

Jonathan Rivnay

Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering

H

Hong Wang

J

Junsheng Yu

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences

T

Tobin J. Marks

Department of Chemistry, the Materials Research Center, Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy

A

Antonio Facchetti

Department of Chemistry, the Materials Research Center, Trienens Institute for Sustainability and Energy