Bridging Biology and Computation: The Rise of Organoid Intelligence in Sustainable Computing and Neuroscience

Abstract

As artificial intelligence (AI) and high-performance computing continue to expand, their growing energy demands have sparked an urgent search for sustainable alternatives. Recent advances in organoid intelligence (OI)—a convergence of neuroscience, bioengineering, and computational science suggest a new paradigm where living neurons serve as processing units. This paper explores how lab-grown neural organoids are revolutionizing energy-efficient computing and advancing our understanding of brain function. Drawing from recent studies at Johns Hopkins University, University of California San Diego, and Cortical Labs, this work reviews the evolution, architecture, and applications of OI-based biochips. The discussion includes breakthroughs in energy efficiency, neurocomputational modeling, and disease research, alongside the ethical and technical challenges of integrating biological systems with digital frameworks. Ultimately, this paper highlights OI’s potential to redefine computation, neuroscience, and medical diagnostics in a carbon-conscious technological era.