Bioprospecting Two Underutilized Seeds: Phytochemical and Biological Insights into Pongamia pinnata and Benincasa hispida

Abstract

Background: Pongamia pinnata (ganuga) and Benincasa hispida (ash gourd) seeds are rich in bioactive compounds despite often being underutilized. This study compares their phytochemical composition, extraction methods, and biological activities. Methods: Literature review and qualitative phytochemical screening (e.g., Shinoda, Mayer’s, and foam tests) were performed. Fixed oils were extracted using maceration with non-polar solvents, and yield and physicochemical properties were analyzed. Results: Both seeds showed comparable extraction yields with distinct phytochemical diversity  through maceration. P. pinnata showed a broad range of phytochemicals, including flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids, associated with multiple pharmacological activities. B. hispida contained flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, sterols, and terpenoids but lacked alkaloids and volatile oils, showing mainly antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The absence of certain compounds is likely due to metabolic and genetic factors. Conclusion: Ganuga and ash gourd seeds exhibit distinct yet complementary phytochemical profiles with significant therapeutic potential. Their safety and bioactivity make them promising candidates for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications, though further studies are needed.