Biochemical and psychological markers of fatigue and recovery in mixed martial arts athletes during strength and conditioning training

Abstract

Abstract Mixed martial arts (MMA) training imposes significant physiological and psychological demands, increasing the risk of overtraining. This study aimed to assess temporal changes in biochemical and psychological fatigue and recovery markers during a structured 3-week strength and conditioning training program in professional MMA athletes. Ten male MMA athletes (26.2 ± 0.9 years; 7.0 ± 2.0 years of training experience) participated. Blood samples and psychological assessments (Profile of Mood States – POMS) were collected at four time points: pre-training (T-0), and after each training week (T-1, T-2, T-3). Analyzed biomarkers included cortisol, testosterone, catecholamines, hs-CRP, creatine kinase, and metabolic markers. Data were analyzed using repeated measures statistical tests to assess time-dependent changes. Cortisol and hs-CRP increased significantly after the first week (p < 0.01), while testosterone and catecholamines remained stable. Creatine kinase showed a persistent rise (p < 0.01), indicating muscle damage. Psychological assessments revealed increased fatigue, tension, and confusion, with reduced vigor (p < 0.05). Despite biochemical markers partially recovering, subjective fatigue persisted, highlighting a disconnect between physiological and psychological recovery. These findings highlight the importance of integrated monitoring strategies that include both biochemical and psychological assessments. The divergence between physiological and psychological recovery underscores the complexity of athlete fatigue and the need for integrated recovery interventions. Future research should explore long-term adaptations, sex-based differences, and targeted recovery strategies to optimize training, performance, and well-being in MMA athletes.