Association between ICU-level variation in arterial blood gas utilization and in-hospital mortality: A retrospective cohort study using the Japanese Intensive care PAtient Database registry

Abstract

Background The role of arterial blood gas (ABG) testing in the intensive care unit (ICU) remains debated within the “less is more” paradigm. While unnecessary testing may pose risks without benefit, timely ABGs provide critical information in unstable patients. Institutional variation in early ABG utilization and its association with outcomes remains unclear. Methods We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study using the Japanese Intensive Care PAtient Database (JIPAD) between April 2015 and March 2023. Adult ICU patients with a stay ≥24 h and arterial line placement were included. The standardized number of ABGs (SNABGs) within the first 24 h was calculated as the ratio of observed to expected values, where expectations were derived from a multivariable model adjusting for patient covariates. ICUs were categorized into tertiles according to SNABG utilization. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality, analyzed using multilevel logistic regression with ICU-level random intercepts. Restricted cubic splines were used to explore non-linear associations. Results Among 117,546 patients from 87 ICUs, the mean number of ABGs varied widely. After standardization, SNABGs ranged from 0.73–0.90 in the low tertile to 1.09–1.15 in the high tertile. In the multilevel model, SNABG was not significantly associated with in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR 0.942 [95% CI 0.807–1.100] for tertile 2; 0.874 [95% CI 0.751–1.017] for tertile 3). Flexible modeling suggested a non-linear trend toward better outcomes with higher utilization, but confidence intervals included unity. Conclusion Early ABG utilization varied across ICUs, yet was not significantly associated with mortality. Sensitivity analysis suggested a non-linear relationship, with a tendency toward better outcomes at higher utilization. These findings warrant further investigation to clarify the role of early ABG utilization in critical care.