Artificial intelligence as a predictive tool for mental health status: Insights from a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the effectiveness of AI-driven tools, particularly conversational agents (CAs), in alleviating psychological distress and improving mental health outcomes. The focus is on their impact across diverse populations, including clinical, subclinical, and older adults. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, and Scopus using specific MeSH terms and keywords such as “Artificial Intelligence,” “Machine Learning,” “Natural Language Processing,” “Depression,” and “Anxiety.” The timeframe included studies published between January 2000 and July 2024. Inclusion criteria comprised peer-reviewed original research articles, cohort studies, and case reports focusing on AI tools for mental health. Systematic reviews, secondary sources, and non-English publications were excluded. Random-effects meta-analysis was conducted using standardized mean differences, with effect sizes synthesized in forest plots. Twenty studies were included in the qualitative synthesis and six in the quantitative meta-analysis. The analysis demonstrated that AI-based CAs significantly reduce anxiety (Cohen’s d = 0.62, p < 0.01) and depression (Cohen’s d = 0.74, p < 0.001), with higher effectiveness observed in multimodal CAs compared to text-only systems. However, the long-term impact remains inconsistent due to variability in follow-up durations and methodological heterogeneity. Some studies lacked extended observation periods or reported diminished effects over time, highlighting a need for sustained intervention research. AI-based CAs, especially when integrated into mobile platforms and using multimodal interfaces, provide scalable and engaging support for mental health. While short-term benefits are evident, future studies should address long-term efficacy, methodological consistency, and ethical concerns like privacy and algorithmic bias to strengthen the utility and trust in AI interventions for mental health.