Artificial intelligence agents in healthcare research: A scoping review

Abstract

Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI) agents are rapidly transforming healthcare delivery, enabling real-time decision support and sophisticated patient interaction at scale. However, the scientific landscape of this rapidly growing, multidisciplinary field remains fragmented, with technical innovation outpacing translational research and the establishment of ethical governance frameworks. To address this gap, we conducted a comprehensive scoping review analysis of AI agent research in healthcare. Methods We followed scoping review methodology (PRISMA-ScR guidelines). Searches across PubMed, Web of Science, arXiv, and medRxiv were conducted from January 2015 to December 7, 2025. Results The search identified 1,070 records, of which 43 studies were ultimately included after full-text review. Of these 43 included studies, 36 were published in 2025. Systems were categorized into 8 conversational agents, 17 workflow/automation assistants, and 18 multimodal decision support agents. The core mechanism across all archetypes was external tool use (e.g., retrieval-augmented generation or code execution) for grounding and iterative self-correction (e.g., multi-agent debate or self-debugging loops) for refinement. Evaluation settings were predominantly simulated environments or laboratory studies, with few clinical pilots or real-world deployments. Primary reported outcomes focused on process measures (efficiency) and diagnostic accuracy; clinical outcomes and safety endpoints were rarely addressed. Conclusion Agentic AI systems are rapidly evolving from conceptual frameworks to functional prototypes, primarily targeting complex decision-making and workflow automation. While agentic capabilities are increasingly integrated, research heavily favors simulated evaluations. Future research must prioritize clinical trials and the robust assessment of safety, usability, and clinical efficacy before widespread adoption.