Amino acid coating enables micromotor operation in physiological conditions

J Jia Sun (National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University) Y Yusen Ding (Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong) Y Yicheng Ye (National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University) F Fei Wang H Hao Tian (Shanghai Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology) J Jiamiao Jiang (National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University) H Huaan Li (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University) J Junbin Gao (National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University) H Haixin Tan (National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University) F Fei Peng (School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University) J Jinyao Tang (Department of Chemistry) Y Yingfeng Tu (National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University)

Abstract

Physiological environment with high ionic strength will quench the propulsion of micro/nanomotors (MNMs) by suppressing electric double layers, especially for those motors based on electrolyte diffusiophoresis and electrophoresis. Herein, we demonstrate an efficient, general, and simple strategy to improve the ion tolerance of light-driven titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) micromotors with amino acid surface modification. Compared to the bare TiO 2 counterpart, L-arginine (Arg)-treated TiO 2 micromotors display over 200 times higher ion tolerance, which is mainly attributed to the increased surface conductivity. This simple ion tolerance improvement strategy can also be applicable to other motors driven by self-electrophoresis. As TiO 2 is an efficient sonosensitizer, we combined the light-guiding ability with ultrasound to generate reactive oxygen species to effectively induce in situ tumor apoptosis. We envision that this simple amino acid surface modification can not only provide a solution for MNMs to tolerate the ionic environment but also open up opportunities for further biomedical and translational research of MNMs.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 122, Issue 29
Published July 22, 2025
ISSN 0027-8424
Publisher National Academy of Sciences

Authors (12)

J

Jia Sun

National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University

Y

Yusen Ding

Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong

Y

Yicheng Ye

National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University

F

Fei Wang

H

Hao Tian

Shanghai Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology

J

Jiamiao Jiang

National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University

H

Huaan Li

Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University

J

Junbin Gao

National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University

H

Haixin Tan

National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University

F

Fei Peng

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University

J

Jinyao Tang

Department of Chemistry

Y

Yingfeng Tu

National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University