Advanced hybrid 3DCNN-SGAN framework for high-precision gas mixture analysis with sensor arrays

Abstract

Abstract In controlled dynamic laboratory conditions representative of real-world variability, the gases are usually mixtures rather than individual components. In chemometrics and electronic-nose (E-nose) systems, accurate concentration is a key challenge. Standard algorithms like support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), and shallow multi-layer perceptron (SMLP) have limited feature extraction and poor generalization ability when faced with overlapping responses from sensors, as well as strong cross-gas interactions. While deep learning methods offer enhanced performance, they generally rely on large labeled datasets and cannot inherently maintain robustness in mixed gas scenarios. In order to overcome this limitation, the paper presents a hybrid approach of 3D convolutional neural networks (3DCNNs) with semi-supervised generative adversarial network (SGAN). The 3DCNN component captures spatiotemporal dynamics of sensor array responses, while the SGAN improves generalization under limited labeled data by generating realistic synthetic samples. Experimental results demonstrated that the model obtains a classification accuracy of 99.10%, which is higher than SVM (93.80%), KNN (92.60%), and SMLP (95.30%). These results indicate that the model can be well used for high-precision gas mixture analysis. This work supports SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) through advanced AI-based gas sensing, SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) by enabling accurate air-quality monitoring, and SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) by improving detection of hazardous gas mixtures that impact public health.