Active learning design of bcc solid solution alloys with gigapascal strength and elemental metal–level ductility

Z Zhixing Wang (Center for Alloy Innovation and Design, Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale and Hysitron Applied Research Center in China, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University) X Xiangyue Chen (National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University) D Dongqing Zhang (Center for Alloy Innovation and Design, Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale and Hysitron Applied Research Center in China, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University) G Ge Wu (Center for Alloy Innovation and Design, Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale and Hysitron Applied Research Center in China, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University) Y Yan Ma X Xiaoqin Zeng (National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University) Z Ziyuan Rao (National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University) C Chang Liu E Evan Ma (Center for Alloy Innovation and Design, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University)

Abstract

Body-centered cubic (bcc) alloys can achieve gigapascal-level yield strengths but typically are limited in tensile ductility (<20%), contrasting sharply with elemental metals (the largest elongation of ~50%). Multi-principal-element alloys offer vast compositional space to reach synergistic strength–ductility combinations. However, combinatorial trial-and-error exploration is prohibitively costly, while machine learning (ML) approaches are hindered by data scarcity. Here, we develop an ML-guided framework integrating active learning with physics-informed Bayesian optimization to rapidly converge on optimal compositions. The resulting Ti 36 V 14 Nb 22 Hf 22 Zr 1 Al 5 alloy achieves a yield strength of 953 MPa and a large tensile ductility of 42%. The high strength arises from the substantial lattice distortion, as well as the ~1-nm-sized local chemical fluctuations (LCFs) inherent to the highly concentrated bcc solid solution. The ubiquitous LCFs also substantially promote dislocation multiplication and strain hardening, enabling a large tensile ductility. Our approach demonstrates ML’s efficacy in accelerating the finding of high-performance alloys.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 123, Issue 5
Published February 03, 2026
ISSN 0027-8424
Publisher National Academy of Sciences

Authors (9)

Z

Zhixing Wang

Center for Alloy Innovation and Design, Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale and Hysitron Applied Research Center in China, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University

X

Xiangyue Chen

National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

D

Dongqing Zhang

Center for Alloy Innovation and Design, Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale and Hysitron Applied Research Center in China, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University

G

Ge Wu

Center for Alloy Innovation and Design, Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale and Hysitron Applied Research Center in China, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University

Y

Yan Ma

X

Xiaoqin Zeng

National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Z

Ziyuan Rao

National Engineering Research Center of Light Alloy Net Forming, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

C

Chang Liu

E

Evan Ma

Center for Alloy Innovation and Design, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University