ABACUS: An electronic structure analysis package for the AI era

W Weiqing Zhou D Daye Zheng (AI for Science Institute 1 , Beijing 100080,) Q Qianrui Liu (HEDPS, CAPT, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science and School of Physics, Peking University 3 , Beijing 100871,) D Denghui Lu (AI for Science Institute 1 , Beijing 100080,) Y Yu Liu P Peize Lin (Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center 4 , Hefei 230026,) Y Yike Huang (Electronic design automation center) X Xingliang Peng (AI for Science Institute 1 , Beijing 100080,) J Jie J. Bao (Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota) C Chun Cai (AI for Science Institute 1 , Beijing 100080,) Z Zuxin Jin (AI for Science Institute 1 , Beijing 100080,) J Jing Wu H Haochong Zhang (Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center 4 , Hefei 230026,) G Gan Jin Y Yuyang Ji Z Zhenxiong Shen (Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center 4 , Hefei 230026,) X Xiaohui Liu (Hydrogen Energy Industry Institute of Jilin Province) L Liang Sun Y Yu Cao (Stanford University , , , ,) M Menglin Sun (School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University 8 , Beijing 100871,) J Jianchuan Liu (School of Electrical Engineering and Electronic Information, Xihua University 9 , Chengdu 610039,) T Tao Chen R Renxi Liu (AI for Science Institute 1 , Beijing 100080,) Y Yuanbo Li H Haozhi Han (AI for Science Institute 1 , Beijing 100080,) X Xinyuan Liang (State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University) T Taoni Bao (HEDPS, CAPT, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science and School of Physics, Peking University 3 , Beijing 100871,) Z Zichao Deng (HEDPS, CAPT, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science and School of Physics, Peking University 3 , Beijing 100871,) T Tao Liu N Nuo Chen H Hongxu Ren (HEDPS, CAPT, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science and School of Physics, Peking University 3 , Beijing 100871,) X Xiaoyang Zhang Z Zhaoqing Liu (College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University 11 , Beijing 100871,) Y Yiwei Fu (International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow, Xi’an Jiaotong University 12 , Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049,) M Maochang Liu Z Zhuoyuan Li T Tongqi Wen (Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong) Z Zechen Tang (State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University 16 , Beijing 100084,) Y Yong Xu W Wenhui Duan (State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics) X XiaoYang Wang Q Qiangqiang Gu F Fu-Zhi Dai (AI for Science Institute 1 , Beijing 100080,) Q Qijing Zheng (1 Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China) Y Yang Zhong (College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Film Energy Chemistry for Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory (FEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.) H Hongjun Xiang (Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Institute of Computational Physical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Department of Physics, Fudan University 24 , Shanghai 200433,) X Xingao Gong (Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Institute of Computational Physical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Department of Physics, Fudan University 24 , Shanghai 200433,) J Jin Zhao Y Yuzhi Zhang Q Qi Ou (Basic Research Department, SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd. 26 , Beijing 100083,) H Hong Jiang S Shi Liu (Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future) B Ben Xu (Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics 29 , Beijing 100193,) S Shenzhen Xu (School of Materials Science and Engineering) X Xinguo Ren (Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 , Beijing 100190,) L Lixin He (Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center 4 , Hefei 230026,) L Linfeng Zhang M Mohan Chen (AI for Science Institute 1 , Beijing 100080,)

Abstract

ABACUS (Atomic-orbital Based Ab initio Computation at USTC) is an open-source software for first-principles electronic structure calculations and molecular dynamics simulations. It mainly features density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics functions and is compatible with both plane wave basis sets and numerical atomic orbital basis sets. ABACUS serves as a platform that facilitates the integration of various electronic structure methods, such as Kohn–Sham DFT, stochastic DFT, orbital-free DFT, real-time time-dependent DFT, etc. In addition, with the aid of high-performance computing, ABACUS is designed to perform efficiently and provide massive amounts of first-principles data for generating general-purpose machine learning potentials, such as deep potential with attention models. Furthermore, ABACUS serves as an electronic structure platform that interfaces with several artificial intelligence-assisted algorithms and packages, such as DeePKS-kit, DeePMD, DP-GEN, DeepH, DeePTB, HamGNN, etc.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 163, Issue 19
Published November 21, 2025
ISSN 0021-9606
Publisher American Institute of Physics

Journal Info

The Journal of Chemical Physics

American Institute of Physics

ISSN: 0021-9606 Physical Sciences

Authors (58)

W

Weiqing Zhou

D

Daye Zheng

AI for Science Institute 1 , Beijing 100080,

Q

Qianrui Liu

HEDPS, CAPT, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science and School of Physics, Peking University 3 , Beijing 100871,

D

Denghui Lu

AI for Science Institute 1 , Beijing 100080,

Y

Yu Liu

P

Peize Lin

Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center 4 , Hefei 230026,

Y

Yike Huang

Electronic design automation center

X

Xingliang Peng

AI for Science Institute 1 , Beijing 100080,

J

Jie J. Bao

Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota

C

Chun Cai

AI for Science Institute 1 , Beijing 100080,

Z

Zuxin Jin

AI for Science Institute 1 , Beijing 100080,

J

Jing Wu

H

Haochong Zhang

Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center 4 , Hefei 230026,

G

Gan Jin

Y

Yuyang Ji

Z

Zhenxiong Shen

Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center 4 , Hefei 230026,

X

Xiaohui Liu

Hydrogen Energy Industry Institute of Jilin Province

L

Liang Sun

Y

Yu Cao

Stanford University , , , ,

M

Menglin Sun

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University 8 , Beijing 100871,

J

Jianchuan Liu

School of Electrical Engineering and Electronic Information, Xihua University 9 , Chengdu 610039,

T

Tao Chen

R

Renxi Liu

AI for Science Institute 1 , Beijing 100080,

Y

Yuanbo Li

H

Haozhi Han

AI for Science Institute 1 , Beijing 100080,

X

Xinyuan Liang

State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University

T

Taoni Bao

HEDPS, CAPT, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science and School of Physics, Peking University 3 , Beijing 100871,

Z

Zichao Deng

HEDPS, CAPT, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science and School of Physics, Peking University 3 , Beijing 100871,

T

Tao Liu

N

Nuo Chen

H

Hongxu Ren

HEDPS, CAPT, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science and School of Physics, Peking University 3 , Beijing 100871,

X

Xiaoyang Zhang

Z

Zhaoqing Liu

College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University 11 , Beijing 100871,

Y

Yiwei Fu

International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow, Xi’an Jiaotong University 12 , Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049,

M

Maochang Liu

Z

Zhuoyuan Li

T

Tongqi Wen

Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong

Z

Zechen Tang

State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University 16 , Beijing 100084,

Y

Yong Xu

W

Wenhui Duan

State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics

X

XiaoYang Wang

Q

Qiangqiang Gu

F

Fu-Zhi Dai

AI for Science Institute 1 , Beijing 100080,

Q

Qijing Zheng

1 Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China

Y

Yang Zhong

College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Film Energy Chemistry for Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory (FEC), Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.

H

Hongjun Xiang

Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Institute of Computational Physical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Department of Physics, Fudan University 24 , Shanghai 200433,

X

Xingao Gong

Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Institute of Computational Physical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Department of Physics, Fudan University 24 , Shanghai 200433,

J

Jin Zhao

Y

Yuzhi Zhang

Q

Qi Ou

Basic Research Department, SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd. 26 , Beijing 100083,

H

Hong Jiang

S

Shi Liu

Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future

B

Ben Xu

Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics 29 , Beijing 100193,

S

Shenzhen Xu

School of Materials Science and Engineering

X

Xinguo Ren

Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 , Beijing 100190,

L

Lixin He

Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center 4 , Hefei 230026,

L

Linfeng Zhang

M

Mohan Chen

AI for Science Institute 1 , Beijing 100080,