A Panoramic Review on Intercalation‐Based Electrochemical Lithium Extraction From Salt Lakes: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Optimization Strategies

Abstract

ABSTRACT Electrochemical lithium extraction from salt‐lake brines integrates electrochemistry and hydrometallurgy by leveraging the selective intercalation mechanisms of lithium‐ion battery electrode materials, offering a transformative approach to lithium recovery from complex brine resources. It provides a unique paradigm for achieving high efficiency, low energy consumption, and sustainable lithium recovery. Accordingly, the evolution of the field has been systematically examined—from early ion‐pump concepts to continuous rocking‐chair configurations—while establishing a theoretical framework that links material structure, interfacial dynamics, and electrochemical pathways. In addition, the contradiction between laboratory metrics and industrial applicability has been analyzed, with emphasis on three core challenges: selective extraction of lithium from salt lakes with high‐impurity content and low lithium concentration, long‐term cycling stability, and industrially feasible current density. To bridge this gap, this review summarizes emerging optimization strategies spanning from electrode modification (e.g., electrode bulk‐phase and interface modification) to system‐level engineering (e.g., potential, temperature control, and thick electrode design). Ultimately, this work aims to provide a forward‐looking roadmap to accelerate the transition of electrochemical lithium extraction from laboratory research to industrial‐scale application, thereby reshaping the future landscape of sustainable lithium supply.