A next generation of the schema therapy model of personality pathology: A cross-cultural and international study protocol
Abstract
Background Personality disorders are highly prevalent worldwide imposing substantial personal and social challenges. Schema Therapy is an effective psychotherapeutic approach for personality pathology and other complex characterological problems. New scientific insights prompted a re-evaluation of its theoretical underpinnings leading to a reformulated Schema Therapy theory. Furthermore, the assumed cross-cultural universality of the Schema Therapy model has not been tested. Aims This project has two primary aims: (1) To develop revised instruments based on the reformulated theory that are psychometrically sound and valid across diverse cultures and languages. (2) To validate the Schema Therapy-related constructs and their inter-relationships across cultures. Methods New draft versions of the Young Schema Questionnaire, Schema Coping Inventory, and Schema Mode Inventory were developed. Before dissemination, these instruments will undergo rigorous psychometric evaluation to refine item sets and ensure linguistic and conceptual consistency. A minimum of 100 adult mental health patients and 100 non-patients from each participating country will complete the revised instruments. Sociodemographic and mental health-related variables will also be assessed. Statistical analyses will evaluate (a) internal consistency, (b) unidimensionality, (c) cross-cultural invariance, (d) factorial validity (if possible), and (e) known-group validity. Malfunctioning items will be deleted, and subscales will be shortened, if possible, targeting internal consistency of ≥.80. Expected outcomes This study is expected to yield optimized versions of the three instruments aligned with the reformulated theory. These findings will inform subsequent international studies to further assess the structural and cross-cultural validity of the revised scales. The resulting empirically validated scales will be openly accessible, facilitating worldwide utilization. Discussion This protocol outlines the first international study based on the reformulated theory, aiming to extend the psychopathological coverage and enhance the cross-cultural application of evidence-based treatments for personality pathology. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations. Potential limitations are discussed.
Article Details
Authors (156)
Freideriki Carmen Mamali
Marleen Rijkeboer
Dylan Molenaar
Sophie A. Rameckers
Marta Panzeri
Arnoud Arntz
Christopher W. Lee
Robert Brockman
Daniela Ho Tan
Muhammad Kamruzzaman Mozumder
Tarun Kanti Gayen
Dmitry Dyakov
Yuliya Stabrouskaya
Amirov Gatam
Vladislav Lobanovich
Sofiya Kanavina
Veronika Romanovich
Olkhouka Artsiom Andreevich
Natallia Tkhoryk
Aliaksandra Shabaikovich
Eva Dierckx
Els Pauwels
Kristina Eggermont
Fabiola Rodrigues Matos
Renan Puléo Barela
Lilian Queiroz Frossard
Irina S. Lazarova
Krista Peneva
Atanaska Katrandjieva
Anna St. Lazarova
Yawen Zhu
Baozhen Lyu
Yuhan Liu
Libo Li
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization
Hongxia Qin
Xiaowei Guo
Xin Hu
Songhao Zhang
Olivia Y. T. Ma
Aled L. Y. Tang
Stine Bjerrum Moeller
Ida-Marie T. P. Arendt
Bo Bach
Jacob Meline
Géraldine Tapia
Katia M’bailara
Ketevan Abdushelishvili
Archil Begiashvili
Natia Badrishvili
Ana Gvinianidze
Lana Akopashvili
Irma Khabazi
Johannes Kopf-Beck
Cosima Leithne
Fritz Renner
Samy Egli
Sarah M. Quaatz
Ioannis A. Malogiannis
Eleni Giannoulis
Gregoris Simos
Zsolt Unoka
Lajos Simon
Viktoria Simon
Manjula Munivenkatappa
Paulomi Matam Sudhir
Tavleen Kaur Kohli
Apoorva Shrivastava
Arpita Alok Misra
Anisha Khanna
John Philip Louis
Naomi Maurilla Santoso
Theresia Indira Shanti
Laurentius Sandi Witarso
Maryam Hedayati
Adeleh Samimi
Saade Malekasgar
Barbara Basile
Ilona Krone
Agnese Orupe
Julija Gecaite-Stonciene
Justina Pociunaite
Huey Jing Renee Tan
Edward Chan
Veerathayalani Heimkumar
Nadia Kadri
Saadia Karroumi
Fatima Zahra Chentaf
Naima Ezzahiri
Hind Rachidi
Soukaina Bouchebti
Hind Bouidar
Wydad Hikmat
Fouzia Chroukate
Zainaib Ennaciri
Jens C. Thimm
Veronica Lorentzen
Jarosław M. Michałowski
Agnieszka E. Popiel
Dorota Mącik
Weronika Maria Browarczyk
Maria do Céu Salvador
Ancuța Elena Păduraru
Suzana E. Semeniuc
Paula I. Stroian
Irina Șubredu
Alexandra Yaltonskaya
Darya Maryasova
Olga Titova
Natalia Gegel
Natalia Gorodentseva
Maria Skryabina
Alena Plichko
Olga Pavlova
Svetlana Prokaeva
Viktoryia Malashchanka
Hui Ling Michelle Neo
Dan J. Stein
Waseem Hawa
Jean-Pierre Hartmann
Eunhee Lee
Younghee Song
Rocío Gómez-Juanes
Esther Calvete
Jordi Cid
Ralph E. Schmidt
Stephanie Homan
Chaiyun Sakulsriprasert
Darunee Phukao
Ratipan Thawornwutichat
Welika Mamoon
Anuk Chandraungs
Nanthaka Supreeyaporn
Nathan Bachrach
Marije Keulen-de Vos
Jill Lobbestael
Eline Dorrestijn
Julie Krans
Duygu Yakin
Deniz Baştak
Aliye Canan Taşlioğlu Sayiner
Başak İnce
Stephanie Tasilaridis
Mine Ergelen
Fiona C. Kennedy
Christopher D. J. Taylor
Michael B. First
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University
George Lockwood
Zachary Appenzeller
Alice R. Norton
Elizabeth Seeley-Wait
Maree J. Abbott
Karina L. Allen
Surilena Hasan
Sergio Alejandro Morales Hernández
Abdelrahman Mohamed Sharaf
Florian Alexander Ruths