A New Phase Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Activated Selective CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction into Formate for Underwater Antifouling Glass

J Jinxin Chen (Institute of Functional Nano &amp; Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Soochow University Jiangsu 215123 P.R. China) W Wenxiang Zhu (Institute of Functional Nano &amp; Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Soochow University Jiangsu 215123 P.R. China) M Mengling Zhang (School of Pharmaceutical Sciences) H Hao Yang M Mengjie Ma J Jie Wu P Penghao Li (Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences) D Dongdong Gao (Institute of Functional Nano &amp; Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Soochow University Jiangsu 215123 P.R. China) Q Qun Wang (State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research) W Wei‐Hsiang Huang (National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) Hsinchu 300092 Taiwan) C Chih‐Wen Pao (National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) Hsinchu 300092 Taiwan) Z Zhiwei Hu (Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nothnitzer Strasse 40, Dresden 01187, Germany) Z Zhenhui Kang (School of Energy, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Interfacial Materials Science, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials Laboratory) M Mingwang Shao (Institute of Functional Nano &amp; Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Soochow University Jiangsu 215123 P.R. China) Q Qi Shao (College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science)

Abstract

AbstractDesigning unique electrocatalysts that utilizes carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) for real applications is highly appreciated, yet still suffers from low selectivity, stability, and compatibility. Herein, we first report a new two‐dimensional metastable‐phase transparent conducting oxide: 1T phase indium tin oxide (m‐ITOs) with the space group of P−3m1 (164), which is totally different from that of the stable cubic phase ITO (Ia−3 (206)). The internal indium tin catalytic pairs in m‐ITOs trigger the strong electronic coupling, move up the p‐band center, and stabilize the adsorption of HCOO* for increased formate production. In a liquid‐phase flow cell, m‐ITOs exhibit a high CO2RR electrocatalytic performance with the formate selectivity up to 93 ± 1.9% (83 ± 3.1% for c‐SnInOx and 74 ± 0.6% for In2O3/SnO2) and remains 97% (58% for c‐SnInOx and 60% for In2O3/SnO2) of catalytic activity after a 120,000 s stability test. Owing to the efficient formate formation with directly using the absorbed CO2 in water and high transparent property, m‐ITOs exhibit excellent antifouling behavior of inhibiting Chlorella growth without reducing the transparency of itself, encouraging a promising application of observation windows in water.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 64, Issue 43
Published October 20, 2025
ISSN 1433-7851
Publisher Wiley

Journal Info

Angewandte Chemie International Edition

Wiley

ISSN: 1433-7851 Physical Sciences

Authors (15)

J

Jinxin Chen

Institute of Functional Nano &amp; Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Soochow University Jiangsu 215123 P.R. China

W

Wenxiang Zhu

Institute of Functional Nano &amp; Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Soochow University Jiangsu 215123 P.R. China

M

Mengling Zhang

School of Pharmaceutical Sciences

H

Hao Yang

M

Mengjie Ma

J

Jie Wu

P

Penghao Li

Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences

D

Dongdong Gao

Institute of Functional Nano &amp; Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Soochow University Jiangsu 215123 P.R. China

Q

Qun Wang

State Key Laboratory of Discovery and Utilization of Functional Components in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research

W

Wei‐Hsiang Huang

National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) Hsinchu 300092 Taiwan

C

Chih‐Wen Pao

National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) Hsinchu 300092 Taiwan

Z

Zhiwei Hu

Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nothnitzer Strasse 40, Dresden 01187, Germany

Z

Zhenhui Kang

School of Energy, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Interfacial Materials Science, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials Laboratory

M

Mingwang Shao

Institute of Functional Nano &amp; Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Soochow University Jiangsu 215123 P.R. China

Q

Qi Shao

College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science