60 cm2 perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells with an efficiency of 28.9% by homogeneous passivation

K Kerem Artuk A Aleksandra Oranskaia D Deniz Turkay F Felipe Saenz M Mounir D. Mensi M Michele De Bastiani A Andrés-Felipe Castro-Méndez J Julien Hurni C Christophe Allebé M Mostafa Othman L Lisa Champault A Austin G. Kuba A Alexandra Levtchenko D Daniel A. Jacobs J Jean-Baptiste Puel D Daniel Ory F Felix Lang A Aïcha Hessler-Wyser U Udo Schwingenschlögl Q Quentin Jeangros C Christophe Ballif C Christian M. Wolff

Abstract

Abstract Inverted perovskite solar cells face performance limitations due to non-radiative recombination at the perovskite surfaces in devices, including functional layers. Advanced characterization and density functional theory reveal that phosphonic acids passivate perovskite surface defects, while piperazinium chloride mitigates interface recombination by improving energy level alignment, introducing a field effect, and homogenizing the surface. Together, the quasi-Fermi level splitting of the perovskite is homogeneously increased by ca. 100 mV. This enables two-terminal perovskite-on-silicon tandems to achieve a certified open-circuit voltage of 2 V for a 1 cm² device and high performance in excess of 31%. The scalability of the passivation is furthermore demonstrated with homogeneously passivated devices reaching certified efficiencies of 28.9% for an active area of 60 cm².

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 16, Issue 1
Published September 30, 2025
ISSN 2041-1723
Publisher Nature Portfolio

Journal Info

Nature Communications

Nature Portfolio

ISSN: 2041-1723 Open Access Life Sciences

Authors (22)

K

Kerem Artuk

A

Aleksandra Oranskaia

D

Deniz Turkay

F

Felipe Saenz

M

Mounir D. Mensi

M

Michele De Bastiani

A

Andrés-Felipe Castro-Méndez

J

Julien Hurni

C

Christophe Allebé

M

Mostafa Othman

L

Lisa Champault

A

Austin G. Kuba

A

Alexandra Levtchenko

D

Daniel A. Jacobs

J

Jean-Baptiste Puel

D

Daniel Ory

F

Felix Lang

A

Aïcha Hessler-Wyser

U

Udo Schwingenschlögl

Q

Quentin Jeangros

C

Christophe Ballif

C

Christian M. Wolff