3D insights into the multiorigins of nanophase Fe <sup>0</sup> in the Moon surface

Y Yiheng Dai (Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Integrated Spectroscopy, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering) Z Zezhou Li (Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Integrated Spectroscopy, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.) T Tianyi Jia (Research Institute of Extraterrestrial Material at Peking University) Z Zhiheng Xie (Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Integrated Spectroscopy, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering) R Ruimin Wang (State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, School of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Medical Robotics and Shanghai Academy of Experimental Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University) Z Zongjun Yin B Bing Shen (Research Institute of Extraterrestrial Material at Peking University) J Jihan Zhou (Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Integrated Spectroscopy, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.)

Abstract

Nanophase metallic iron (npFe 0 ) in lunar soils is a key indicator for understanding the space weathering mechanisms of airless bodies. However, the detailed three-dimensional (3D) spatial topology and distribution of layered npFe 0 have rarely been documented in lunar soil samples. Here, we reveal the unique 3D spatial multilayered distributions and morphologies of npFe 0 in the Chang’e-5 impact glass using a combination of electron tomography and spectroscopic techniques, demonstrating that npFe 0 originates from multiple effects including iron sulfide decomposition, Fe(II) disproportionation, and solar wind irradiation. We provide direct evidence for the decomposition of iron sulfide to produce irregularly shaped npFe 0 . This study quantifies the 3D abundance of npFe 0 in a piece of lunar impact glass, revealing localized Fe 0 accumulation up to 7.1 wt%. Our results provide 3D nanoscale analysis for multiple coexisting formation mechanisms of npFe 0 , elucidating the complex space weathering processes in the lunar surface.

Article Details

Volume / Issue Vol. 123, Issue 22
Published June 02, 2026
ISSN 0027-8424
Publisher National Academy of Sciences

Authors (8)

Y

Yiheng Dai

Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Integrated Spectroscopy, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering

Z

Zezhou Li

Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Integrated Spectroscopy, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.

T

Tianyi Jia

Research Institute of Extraterrestrial Material at Peking University

Z

Zhiheng Xie

Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Integrated Spectroscopy, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering

R

Ruimin Wang

State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, School of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Medical Robotics and Shanghai Academy of Experimental Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Z

Zongjun Yin

B

Bing Shen

Research Institute of Extraterrestrial Material at Peking University

J

Jihan Zhou

Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Integrated Spectroscopy, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.