Alshraah, S. M., Almegren, R., Aldaghri, A. A., Almegren, A., BinJwair, A., Mufleh, A. S. S. (2026). Investigating self-efficacy as a mediating mechanism between AI-dialogic scaffolding and Saudi learners’ speaking anxiety and confidence. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-62697-8